Indicative distribution
The areas shown in pink and/purple are the sub-regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur. They may not occur thoughout the sub-region but may be restricted to certain areas.
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click here to see geographic restrictions).
The information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions.
Scientific name: Bangalay Sand Forest of the Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions
Gazetted date:
21 Oct 2005
Profile last updated:
21 Mar 2022
Description
Bangalay Sand Forest of the Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions typically has a dense to open tree canopy, approximately 5 - 20 m tall, depending on exposure and disturbance history. The most common tree species include Bangalay (Eucalyptus botryoides) and Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia), while Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) and Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii) may occur in more sheltered situations, and Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) may occur on dunes exposed to salt-bearing sea breezes or where Bangalay Sand Forest adjoins Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions, as listed under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. The open shrub stratum may be dominated by sclerophyllous species, such as Old Man Banksia (Banksia serrata), Coast Teatree (Leptospermum laevigatum) and Tree Broom-heath (Monotoca elliptica), or mesophyllous, species, such as Coffee Bush (Breynia oblongifolia) and Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), or a combination of both. Shrubs may vary in height from one to ten metres tall. The groundcover varies from open to dense, and may be sparse where the tree canopy is dense or where there is a thick litter of leaves and branches. Dominant species include Flax-lilies (Dianella spp.), Lepidosperma concavum, Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), Bracken (Pteridium esculentum), and grasses including Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica), Weeping Grass (Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides) and Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis), while herbs, such as Slender Tick-trefoil (Desmodium gunnii), Kidney Weed (Dichondra repens), Whiteroot (Pratia purpurascens) and Ivy-leaved Violet (Viola hederacea), are scattered amongst the larger plants. Vines of Glycine clandestina, False Sarsparilla (Hardenbergia violacea), Running Postman (Kennedia rubicunda), Common Milk Vine (Marsdenia rostrata) and Snake Vine (Stephania japonica var. discolor) scramble through the groundcover and occasionally over shrubs or tree trunks.
Distribution
Bangalay Sand Forest of the Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions is currently known from parts of the Local Government Areas of Sutherland, Wollongong, Shellharbour, Kiama, Shoalhaven, Eurobodalla and Bega Valley but may occur elsewhere in these bioregions. It is known to occur within a number of conservation reserves, including Royal, Seven Mile Beach, Conjola, Meroo, Murramarang, Eurobodalla and Biamanga National Parks, though these areas are often exposed to degradation by visitor overuse due to their proximity to popular beaches and camping areas.
Regional distribution and habitat
Click on a region below to view detailed distribution, habitat and vegetation information.
Threats
- Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation as a result of coastal residential development, associated edge effects and infrastructure.
- Reduced condition (ecological function and species diversity) from the invasion of environmental weeds.
- Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation as a result of recreational activities (e.g. beach access trails and campsites).
- Loss of overstorey plant species and structural diversity due to psyllid infestation associated with bell miners.
- Inappropriate fire regimes (too frequent, or too infrequent); clearing and burning associated with hazard reduction.
- Degradation by overgrazing and trampling by introduced herbivores resulting in losses of plant species and structural diversity (simplification of the understorey and ground layer and suppression of overstory regeneration), erosion and other soil changes (e.g. loss of cryptogams, increased nutrient status).
- Loss of plant species, health and structural diversity due to dieback caused by Myrtle rust and phytopthora.
Recovery strategies
A Saving Our Species conservation project is currently being developed for this species and will be available soon. For information on how you can contribute to this species' recovery, see the Activities to assist this species section below.
Information sources
- Keith, D.A. (1996) Fire-driven mechanisms of extinction in vascular plants: a review of empirical and theoretical evidence in Australian vegetation. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 116: 37-78
- Keith, D.A. and Scott, J. (2005) Native Vegetation of Coastal Floodplains - a diagnosis of the major plant communities in New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 11(2): 81-104
- Manns, M. (2006) Bangalay Sand Forest and Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains - Fragmented in the Shoalhaven LGA. Unpublished Honours Thesis, University of Wollongong.
- Miles, J. (2007) Recognition and Management of Endangered Ecological Communities in the South East Corner of NSW. (Southern Rivers Catchment Management Authority, Bega)
- Nature Conservation Council of NSW (1999) Towards an Illawarra Regional Vegetation Management Plan. (NCC NSW, Sydney)
- NSW Scientific Committee (2005) Bangalay sand forest, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions - Endangered Ecological Community Determination - Final.
- NSW Scientific Committee (2011) Bangalay Sand Forest of the Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions - Minor amendment to Endangered ecological community determination.
- Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Tozer, M.G., Turner, K. and Keith, D.A. (2004) Native vegetation map report series No. 4. Araluen, Batemans Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla, Wollongong (Priority 5 Mapping Area - P5MA). (NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney)
- Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Keith, D.A., Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Simpson, C., MacKenzie, B., Beukers, P. and Cox, S. (2010) Native vegetation of southeast NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. Cunninghamia 11(3): 359-406
- Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Simpson, C., Keith, D.A., Beukers, P., MacKenzie, B., Tindall, D. and Pennay, C. (2006) Native vegetation of south east NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. V1.0. (NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney)
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